library(Hmisc)
library(tidyverse)Homework 1
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Problem 1
Survey
Aug. 30th, 2:40
Campuswire
Problem 2
Question 1
In Data set 1 the study population would be 38,000.
In data set 2 the study population would be not enough information.
Question 2
The sampling strategy in data set 1 would be self-reported.
In data set 2 the sampling strategy would be N/A.
Question 3
In data set one the sampled population would be those who are 16 years of age or older who were not living in communal residences.
Question 4
The target population of the study in data set one would be those who are 16 years of age or older and not living in communal residences.
The target population of the study in data set two would be N/A.
Question 5
Since we do not have enough information for data set 2. Thus, the reliability and validity is low or non-existent. I don’t think the study population is generalizable to the target population.
Problem 3
Question 1
The <- notation is equivalent to an = sign in R and is often used to declare variables. After running this code chunk, the named dataframe df appears in the environment on the right-hand side of RStudio.
df <- read_csv('https://www.openintro.org/data/csv/babies.csv')Rows: 1236 Columns: 8
── Column specification ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Delimiter: ","
dbl (8): case, bwt, gestation, parity, age, height, weight, smoke
ℹ Use `spec()` to retrieve the full column specification for this data.
ℹ Specify the column types or set `show_col_types = FALSE` to quiet this message.
Question 2
The notation Hmisc:: directly calls this function from the Hmisc package. describe() is a common function name, and sometimes this is needed to indicate to R which function from which package you want to use. The pipe feature |> sends the results of the first line directly into the function on the 2nd line and is a convenient way to chain functions together.
This code prints a useful and attractive summary of the data set we are using.
Hmisc::describe(df) |>
html()8 Variables 1236 Observations
case
n missing distinct Info Mean Gmd .05 .10 .25
1236 0 1236 1 618.5 412.3 62.75 124.50 309.75
.50 .75 .90 .95
618.50 927.25 1112.50 1174.25
lowest : 1 2 3 4 5 , highest: 1232 1233 1234 1235 1236
bwt
| n | missing | distinct | Info | Mean | Gmd | .05 | .10 | .25 | .50 | .75 | .90 | .95 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1236 | 0 | 107 | 1 | 119.6 | 20.33 | 88.0 | 97.0 | 108.8 | 120.0 | 131.0 | 142.0 | 149.0 |
gestation
| n | missing | distinct | Info | Mean | Gmd | .05 | .10 | .25 | .50 | .75 | .90 | .95 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1223 | 13 | 106 | 0.999 | 279.3 | 16.57 | 252.0 | 262.0 | 272.0 | 280.0 | 288.0 | 295.8 | 302.0 |
parity
| n | missing | distinct | Info | Sum | Mean | Gmd |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1236 | 0 | 2 | 0.57 | 315 | 0.2549 | 0.3801 |
age
| n | missing | distinct | Info | Mean | Gmd | .05 | .10 | .25 | .50 | .75 | .90 | .95 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1234 | 2 | 30 | 0.997 | 27.26 | 6.506 | 19 | 20 | 23 | 26 | 31 | 36 | 38 |
height
| n | missing | distinct | Info | Mean | Gmd | .05 | .10 | .25 | .50 | .75 | .90 | .95 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1214 | 22 | 19 | 0.986 | 64.05 | 2.839 | 60 | 61 | 62 | 64 | 66 | 67 | 68 |
Value 53 54 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65
Frequency 1 1 1 1 10 26 55 105 131 166 183 182
Proportion 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.008 0.021 0.045 0.086 0.108 0.137 0.151 0.150
Value 66 67 68 69 70 71 72
Frequency 153 105 54 20 13 6 1
Proportion 0.126 0.086 0.044 0.016 0.011 0.005 0.001
For the frequency table, variable is rounded to the nearest 0
weight
| n | missing | distinct | Info | Mean | Gmd | .05 | .10 | .25 | .50 | .75 | .90 | .95 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1200 | 36 | 105 | 0.999 | 128.6 | 22.39 | 102.0 | 105.0 | 114.8 | 125.0 | 139.0 | 155.0 | 170.0 |
smoke
| n | missing | distinct | Info | Sum | Mean | Gmd |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1226 | 10 | 2 | 0.717 | 484 | 0.3948 | 0.4782 |
Question 3
The Child Health and Development Studies investigate a range of topics. One study, in particular, considered all pregnancies between 1960 and 1967 among women in the Kaiser Foundation Health Plan in the San Francisco East Bay area. The variables in this data set are as follows.
| Variable Name | Variable Description | Variable Type |
|---|---|---|
case |
id number | |
bwt |
birthweight, in ounces | |
gestation |
length of gestation, in days | |
parity |
binary indicator for a first pregnancy (0 = first pregnancy) | |
age |
mother’s age in years | |
height |
mother’s height in inches | |
weight |
mother’s weight in pounds | |
smoke |
binary indicator for whether the mother smokes |
Question 4
Below, 2 numeric variables were investigated for potential relationships. The independent, explanatory variable I chose is variable_name, and the dependent, response variable I chose is variable_name.
df |>
ggplot(aes(x = case, # please change these
y = age)) +
geom_point()Warning: Removed 2 rows containing missing values or values outside the scale range
(`geom_point()`).
Describe what you see in your plot here: Scattered data.
Session Info
This portion of the document describes the conditions in RStudio under which this report was created. This is important to include so that work is reproducible by others.
xfun::session_info()R version 4.4.1 (2024-06-14)
Platform: aarch64-apple-darwin20
Running under: macOS Sonoma 14.5
Locale: en_US.UTF-8 / en_US.UTF-8 / en_US.UTF-8 / C / en_US.UTF-8 / en_US.UTF-8
Package version:
askpass_1.2.0 backports_1.5.0 base64enc_0.1-3
bit_4.0.5 bit64_4.0.5 blob_1.2.4
broom_1.0.6 bslib_0.8.0 cachem_1.1.0
callr_3.7.6 cellranger_1.1.0 checkmate_2.3.2
cli_3.6.3 clipr_0.8.0 cluster_2.1.6
colorspace_2.1-1 compiler_4.4.1 conflicted_1.2.0
cpp11_0.4.7 crayon_1.5.3 curl_5.2.1
data.table_1.15.4 DBI_1.2.3 dbplyr_2.5.0
digest_0.6.37 dplyr_1.1.4 dtplyr_1.3.1
evaluate_0.24.0 fansi_1.0.6 farver_2.1.2
fastmap_1.2.0 fontawesome_0.5.2 forcats_1.0.0
foreign_0.8-86 Formula_1.2-5 fs_1.6.4
gargle_1.5.2 generics_0.1.3 ggplot2_3.5.1
glue_1.7.0 googledrive_2.1.1 googlesheets4_1.1.1
graphics_4.4.1 grDevices_4.4.1 grid_4.4.1
gridExtra_2.3 gtable_0.3.5 haven_2.5.4
highr_0.11 Hmisc_5.1-3 hms_1.1.3
htmlTable_2.4.3 htmltools_0.5.8.1 htmlwidgets_1.6.4
httr_1.4.7 ids_1.0.1 isoband_0.2.7
jquerylib_0.1.4 jsonlite_1.8.8 knitr_1.48
labeling_0.4.3 lattice_0.22.6 lifecycle_1.0.4
lubridate_1.9.3 magrittr_2.0.3 MASS_7.3.60.2
Matrix_1.7.0 memoise_2.0.1 methods_4.4.1
mgcv_1.9.1 mime_0.12 modelr_0.1.11
munsell_0.5.1 nlme_3.1.164 nnet_7.3-19
openssl_2.2.1 parallel_4.4.1 pillar_1.9.0
pkgconfig_2.0.3 prettyunits_1.2.0 processx_3.8.4
progress_1.2.3 ps_1.7.7 purrr_1.0.2
R6_2.5.1 ragg_1.3.2 rappdirs_0.3.3
RColorBrewer_1.1.3 readr_2.1.5 readxl_1.4.3
rematch_2.0.0 rematch2_2.1.2 reprex_2.1.1
rlang_1.1.4 rmarkdown_2.28 rpart_4.1.23
rstudioapi_0.16.0 rvest_1.0.4 sass_0.4.9
scales_1.3.0 selectr_0.4.2 splines_4.4.1
stats_4.4.1 stringi_1.8.4 stringr_1.5.1
sys_3.4.2 systemfonts_1.1.0 textshaping_0.4.0
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utils_4.4.1 uuid_1.2.1 vctrs_0.6.5
viridis_0.6.5 viridisLite_0.4.2 vroom_1.6.5
withr_3.0.1 xfun_0.47 xml2_1.3.6
yaml_2.3.10